Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most crucial and complex public health crises of the present world. Modelling the effect of AMR on human health indicated that in 2021, 1·14 million deaths worldwide were directly attributable to bacterial AMR. If not addressed optimally, then by 2035, AMR is projected to cost the global economy US$412 billion annually due to additional health-care costs and $443 billion annually due to lost workforce productivity.

International and national efforts to combat AMR have grown steadily over the last decade. Two major landmark developments to combat AMR include the launch of the 2015 WHO global action plan on AMR that directed all countries to develop national action plans by 2017 and the 2016 UN political declaration on AMR that included commitments to work at national, regional, and global levels to implement multisectoral action plans in accordance with the One Health approach. Within the WHO European region, member states agreed upon an AMR roadmap for 2023–30 to identify, prioritise, implement, and monitor high-impact interventions to tackle AMR.